Peer-reviewed studies
Our research is clinically validated and evidence-based, with results published in several peer-reviewed journals. Explore our studies to learn more about the outcomes and the science driving our care model.
Key results
GluCare Health is committed to transparency in its care model.
We remain the only provider that reports results openly and continuously. In addition, we publish the largest amount of academic research regionally.
As a patient, you can find all these results here or ask us directly for any specific
data you are seeking.
Reduction in HbA1c
Average GluCare app engagement
Decrease in cardiovascular disease risk
Improved lipid profile
Reduction in cholesterol
Reduction in LDL
Reduction in Triglycerides
High Engagement Drives Better Outcomes
Patients with 11 or more interactions over 90 days saw an average reduction of
in HbA1c
weight loss
Improved
Mental Health
Reflecting lower diabetes-related
emotional distress
Score
Score
Our hybrid care model integrates both physical and virtual, data-driven components. The physical clinic provides in-person interactions, including direct clinician engagement, unique diagnostic tests and comprehensive blood tests that are conducted on-site. Between visits, patients are supported through a “virtual clinic,” where an expended clinical team continues care remotely. This approach enables real-time metabolic health management, facilitates behavioral modification, enhances patient engagement, optimizes risk stratification due to availability of unique data sets, and allows for more targeted, data-driven interventions.
This real-world study evaluated 528 adults treated within a 6-month hybrid care model using either Semaglutide or Tirzepatide, applying the new ICHOM Obesity Standard Set for outcome reporting. Both medications produced clinically meaningful improvements in weight, waist circumference, fat mass, and glycemic markers. However, Tirzepatide consistently outperformed Semaglutide across all measured parameters. The study also demonstrated that structured hybrid care, combined with data-driven titration, drives stronger and more transparent obesity outcomes.
Tirzepatide produced significantly greater weight loss than Semaglutide
mean loss at 6 months
VS
mean loss at 6 months
Superior reductions in central adiposity with Tirzepatide
- Waist circumference at 6 months
VS
- Fat mass reduction:
VS
All Tirzepatide groups (2.5–5 mg, 5–7.5 mg, 7.5–15 mg) achieved statistically significant weight loss, reinforcing dose-dependent robustness in a real-world setting
Virtual interactions were highest in the first 3 months, when patients communicated most actively with the care team. This period of dense support and feedback strongly correlated with better HbA1c outcomes, especially for those starting with poor control.
Patients with poor baseline glycemic control achieved substantial HbA1c reductions (−2.4%, p<0.001), exceeding the typical effect size reported in digital-only programs.
Outbound (provider-initiated) interactions consistently exceeded inbound ones, underscoring the importance of proactive clinician follow-up in sustaining engagement and driving outcomes.
Higher total interaction counts were independently associated with greater HbA1c improvement, even after adjusting for age, BMI, medication use, and baseline control.
A 10-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes developed acute hepatitis from insulin overdose and excessive glucose intake, detected early through continuous engagement, CGM monitoring, and follow-up lab tests, enabling timely intervention under the GluCare hybrid care model
This case study highlights the role of continuous remote monitoring using the ŌURA ring in detecting abnormal cardiac patterns—specifically frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)—in a patient with T2D under GluCare’s hybrid care model
Increased resting heart rate and reduced HRV identified through the ŌURA ring triggered further investigation.
Prompt ECG and cardiology referral confirmed frequent PVCs; diagnosis would have been missed with standard care.
Treatment initiated early with lifestyle modifications and medical therapy, leading to resolution of PVCs and improved heart metrics.
This 12‑month real‑world study analyzed outcomes in 208 adults with T2D managed via the GluCare hybrid care model—integrating digital monitoring, virtual engagement, and in-person multidisciplinary care—using International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) standards
HbA1c reduced
73 % achieved target control (< 7 %)
Cardiovascular & metabolic improvements
Significant reductions in blood pressure, lipid profiles, weight, and waist circumference
Medication intensification
Fewer patients required escalation, with insulin usage halved
Healthcare cost impact
Modelling suggests T2D complications may increase long-term costs up to 9.4‑fold over 10 years without proper control
This study assessed the use of AI-based retinal imaging (Ret-CAC) to stratify cardiovascular risk in 115 adults with T2D and no prior CVD
25.2%
36.5%
38.3%
- older age
- longer diabetes duration
- hypertension
- lower eGFR.
protective
This 6‑month retrospective observational study evaluated the effectiveness of combining GLP‑1 (semaglutide) and dual GIP/GLP‑1 (tirzepatide) receptor agonists with a continuous, digitally delivered behavioral-change model by an integrated care team (Zone.Health program) in adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Greater reductions in fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids in the tirzepatide group.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of a hybrid care model incorporating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and personalized engagement for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting
Ramadan fasting :
83.13% → 85.12%
65.17% → 70.50%
Thrombocytopenia-absent radius :
15.50% → 14.63%
33.00% → 27.50%
had TIR improvement of
+5.00% (p=0.018)
virtual interactions had TIR of
-1.57%
Nutrition Therapy achieved a TIR of
82.1%
achieved a TIR of
61.8%
The findings of this study underscore the potential of integrating GLP-1 medications with digitally delivered multidisciplinary engagement to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes
reduction in 10-year ASCVD risk
Baseline :
2.92 ± 2.86 → 2.56 ± 2.83 (p = 0.024).
weight and BMI reduction
Significant decrease in weight and BMI
(p < 0.001).
(all p < 0.001)
fat mass reduction
Combined impact of GLP-1 agonists and digital lifestyle interventions.
The findings of this study demonstrate significant improvements in glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and overall quality of life
reduction in 10-year ASCVD risk
Baseline :
7.66% → 6.76% (p=0.038)
29.64 → 27.96
(p=0.018)
103.07 cm → 97.25 cm
(p=0.003)
8.06 mg/dL
(p=0.028)
-37.60 mg/dL
(p=0.038)
26.72 → 18.46.
total interactions per patient
outgoing
incoming
facilitated by digital tools and continuous monitoring.
Increased
Decreased
Lowered
The findings of this study demonstrate significant improvements in glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and overall quality of life
Addresses the rising diabetes burden
Combines physical clinics with continuous digital engagement
Significant health gains within 3 months
Overcoming scalability and adoption hurdles
Zone.Health’s 6-month program, combining GLP-1 therapy, lifestyle changes, and digital tools, delivered remarkable outcomes in fatty liver disease management
MASH
MASLD
Patients achieved reversal to normal ranges within 3 months
Dropped
Reduced
Dropped
Reduced
Decreased
Both medications, as part of a hybrid program including pharmacotherapy, dietary guidance, and behavioral counseling, resulted in significant improvements in clinical parameters, with tirzepatide demonstrating superior effectiveness over semaglutide
with tirzepatide
Reduced
+11.9% (p = 0.007).
Increased
By integrating in-clinic visits with continuous remote monitoring and multidisciplinary engagement, the study also demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk
HbA1c improvement
Baseline :
8.63 ± 1.80 → 6.83 ± 1.58 after 6 months
fat-free mass.
Decreased
Increased
cardiovascular risk reduction
systolic
diastolic
Promising renal outcomes: ACR improved slightly (from 373.74 ± 651.57 to 365.47 ± 1287.07), with further studies needed for assessing long-term impact.
Early results from a 6-month program demonstrate significant weight loss and metabolic improvements, with continuous remote monitoring and multidisciplinary support showing promise in managing both obesity and pre-diabetes
weight reduction
Body weight
Body weight
Body weight
patients showed control over pre-diabetes
5.39 ± 0.27
The hybrid model proves to be more effective than traditional or digital-only approaches, underscoring the importance of patient engagement
Improved
with more significant reductions seen in patients with higher baseline levels
Showed notable improvements in the case group
-2.38% reduction in HbA1c
-6.00 kg weight loss
The study reveals significant improvements in glycemic control, insulin reduction, and weight loss when these therapies are integrated with a hybrid care model
Reduction
Reduction
6.95% over 3 months
42.11% (p=0.018)
5.64kg (p<0.001)
The findings reveal significant improvements in mental well-being, as well as key health markers, emphasizing the potential of continuous, multidisciplinary care in managing both physical and emotional challenges associated with T2D
Reduction
Reduction
Reduction
Increased
Decreased
Dropped
The findings highlight the variations in these glycemic measures and their impact on diabetes management, especially when continuous remote monitoring is integrated with in-clinic visits
patients showed significant
differences in HbA1c
patients showed significant
differences in GMI
Patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) demonstrated a higher proportion of variation between HbA1c and GMI compared to T2D and prediabetes
- Time in range (TIR)
- Average glucose (AG)
- % coefficient of variation (% CV)
differed significantly across patient groups (p < 0.001)
The results demonstrate that hybrid care significantly improves HbA1c, weight, and other health parameters, highlighting the benefit of continuous monitoring and remote engagement in diabetes management
significant reduction of
-2.19% in HbA1c
reduction of
-0.10% in HbA1c
Patients with a baseline HbA1c ≥ 9.0% in the hybrid group experienced a greater reduction in HbA1c than those in the control group
-2.38% reduction in HbA1c
-6.00 kg reduction in weight
Conducted over six months, the program demonstrated significant improvements in weight loss, glycemic control, and cardiovascular health markers
weight loss
BMI reduction
pre-diabetes in 80% of participants
-2.38%
profiles
improved by
-5.46 kg (-12.5%)
improved by
-16.08 mg/dL (-8.3%)
greater weight reduction compared to
STEP-2 trial
Findings reveal a strong association between better sleep quality and lower HbA1c levels, emphasizing the critical role of sleep in diabetes management
poor sleep quality
had 17.4% lower HbA1c levels
7.48%
6.18%
poorer sleep quality
sleep more frequently
than females
The findings underscore the value of personalized, technology-driven engagement in enhancing outcomes and ROI in obesity treatment
improvements in 3 months
weight loss
BMI reduction
improves results
-7.12 kg
patients
-4.95 kg
related inquiries
28.8%
inquiries
28.9%
messages
21.1%
tech issues
21.2%
Over a 12-month period, adherent patients demonstrated significant improvements in HbA1c, lipid profiles, and Time in Range (TIR), highlighting the limitations of traditional care and the benefits of a hyper-personalized, continuous approach
Improved
Significant improvement in adherent patients compared to non-adherent (-0.18%, p=0.490)
profiles
target
achieved a mean TIR of
80%
effectiveness
poorly controlled T2D patients compared
to traditional care.
The study demonstrates that patients using the Medtronic 780G AID under this model achieved significantly better glycemic outcomes than traditional self-care approaches
increase in Time in Range
Baseline :
59.17% → 74.75% post-intervention
reduction in HbA1c
Baseline:
8.04% → 6.75%
reduction in insulin requirements
decreased significantly.
more patient engagement
education and behavioral improvements.
The results show significant improvements in glycemic control, weight, and blood pressure, with a notable difference between adherent and non-adherent patients, emphasizing the importance of continuous, personalized care
-4.0 ± 5.3 kg
-4.74 ± 7.8 cm
-1.00 ± 1.3%
-3.1 ± 13.1 mg/dL
-3.4 ± 9.9 mg/dL
-1.53 ± 1.5%
-16.6 ± 50.3 mg/dL
-18.65 ± 42.6 mg/dL
The study demonstrates the effectiveness of a personalized, continuous approach, highlighting its superiority over traditional care models
Accurate diagnosis through antibody testing and tailored management significantly improves patient outcomes by addressing the unique pathophysiology of LADA
diagnosis was
averaged
significantly within
Routine GAD antibody testing at GluCare led to accurate diagnosis and optimized management for all identified cases
This study evaluates the effectiveness of GluCare Health’s vertically integrated, hyper-personalized approach to managing type 1 diabetes and obesity using a combination of injectable Semaglutide, lifestyle modifications, and continuous remote data monitoring
GluCare Health’s model resulted in an average weight loss of 7.4 kg (TWL), with 40% greater weight loss in 60% less time compared to previous studies
dropped by
1.02%
weight and glucose in
18 patients
The GluCare Health platform’s integrated approach to continuous monitoring and data-driven insights led to enhanced patient compliance and outcomes
By combining continuous monitoring, behavioral interventions, and value-based contracts, the program demonstrated significant improvements in weight loss, metabolic parameters, and patient compliance
BMI reduction
Weight reduction
(p=0.0001)
(p=0.0008)
(p=0.05)
(p=0.05)
with minimal muscle loss
87/month
High compliance with program criteria : All participants adhered to engagement, food logging, and data collection requirements.
Findings suggest significant BMI reduction and a potential effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parameters through continuous monitoring and data-driven care
3 months (p<0.001)
7.23 dB/m UAP reduction (p<0.05)
Liver stiffness changes were not statistically significant (p>0.1)
Moderately strong correlation (r=0.38) between BMI reduction and liver stiffness improvement
Findings indicate that integrating food monitoring and remote specialist guidance significantly improves BMI and HbA1c outcomes
logged an average of
The combination of CMM and personalized dietary guidance enhanced outcomes over traditional care
By combining continuous monitoring, digital health solutions, and personalized care, the intervention demonstrated significant improvements in medication management and glycemic control within a short timeframe, providing a promising, cost-effective approach to chronic disease management
Significant medication reduction within 3 months: Reduction observed as early as 3 months (p = 0.002) and sustained after one year (p = 0.02).
Improved medication adherence: Enhanced patient compliance through continuous monitoring and personalized engagement.
Cost-effective solution for T2D management: Reduction in medication use paired with improved clinical biomarkers, including glycated hemoglobin levels.
Hyper-personalized care model impact: Technology-enabled interventions delivered measurable benefits in a short timeframe.
Results demonstrate that Continuous Metabolic Monitoring significantly improves weight loss and BMI reduction, underscoring the importance of personalized, technology-driven interventions in obesity management
(p < 0.05)
Improved patient engagement through food logging: Personalized dietary feedback facilitated better macronutrient understanding and adherence.
Holistic monitoring with CMM: Integrated tools like CGM, meal logging, and communication with healthcare providers enhanced patient outcomes.
This case report highlights the utility of Continuous Metabolic Monitoring (CMM) in managing type 2 diabetes and addressing acute complications such as hypoglycemia. The personalized and continuous engagement provided by the GluCare Health model enabled early detection and resolution of hypoglycemia, showcasing its potential to optimize diabetes care
Tirzepatide was discontinued, and the patient maintained glycemic stability with empagliflozin/metformin, avoiding further hypoglycemia
Real-time feedback on nutrition, exercise, and sleep through the GluCare platform was integral to managing the patient’s condition effectively
The GluCare Health model demonstrated significant GV reduction, highlighting the effectiveness of continuous, personalized care in managing prediabetes
Personalized feedback on nutritional choices was integral to GV reduction
By shifting from episodic to continuous care, RCDM demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control and other metabolic parameters over three months
point HbA1c reduction
RCDM opt-in group showed a significant decrease compared to the opt-out group (p < 0.001)
Significant reduction (p = 0.046)
Reduced significantly (p = 0.018)
Cardiovascular risk reduction: Marked improvement in CVD risk metrics for opt-in patients (p = 0.001)
RCDM effectiveness: Demonstrated superior results compared to standard episodic care at three months
The results highlight the advantages of integrating continuous monitoring, data-driven insights, and multidisciplinary engagement to enhance outcomes. Participants achieved significant weight loss and improved glycemic control in less time compared to traditional episodic care models
Total weight loss (TWL)
Achieved in 60% less time compared to previous studies
Greater weight loss
Demonstrated improvement with Semaglutide and the hybrid care model
HbA1c reduction
Enhanced glycemic control alongside weight management
Improved patient engagement and adherence: The hybrid model drove better compliance with treatment and lifestyle modifications
Initial findings from a 3-month study indicate that patient engagement with GluCare led to significant improvements in metabolic health
(p=0.00013)
(p=0.0071)
(p=0.0003)
(p=0.0165)
(p=0.0052)